Castration is a routine surgical procedure; however, all surgery and general anaesthesia carry inherent risks. Every precaution is taken to minimise these risks, but complications can occur despite appropriate care and monitoring.

• Mild discomfort at the surgical site. 
• Temporary reduced appetite, lethargy, or nausea following anaesthesia. 
• Minor bleeding or bruising. 
• Mild inflammation or irritation of the incision. 

• Wound infection. 
• Delayed wound healing. 
• Excessive swelling or bruising of the scrotal area. 
• Adverse reactions to anaesthetic drugs, pain relief, or other medications. 
• Vomiting or gastrointestinal upset following anaesthesia. 

• Significant haemorrhage requiring further treatment. 
• Infection or abscess formation. 
• Damage to surrounding tissues or structures. 
• Incomplete removal of testicular tissue resulting in persistent testosterone production. 
• Severe reactions to medications or anaesthetic agents. 
• Cardiac or respiratory complications, including arrest. 
• Death despite appropriate care and monitoring. 

• Weight gain if calorie intake and exercise are not appropriately adjusted. 
• Behavioural changes are generally beneficial, but individual responses may vary. 
• Coat changes are uncommon but may occur in some cats. 

Although castration is considered a safe and commonly performed procedure, no surgical or anaesthetic procedure is entirely without risk. Complications are uncommon, and the vast majority of patients recover uneventfully. Every effort is made by the veterinary team to provide safe anaesthesia, effective pain relief, and the highest standard of surgical care.