Castration is a routine surgical procedure; however, all surgery and general anaesthesia carry inherent risks. Every precaution is taken to minimise these risks, but complications can occur despite appropriate care and monitoring.

• Bruising, swelling, or discomfort around the surgical site. 
• Mild scrotal swelling or bruising during the recovery period. 
• Temporary reduced appetite, lethargy, or nausea following anaesthesia. 
• Mild inflammation or irritation of the incision. 
• Minor bleeding or bruising. 

• Wound infection. 
• Opening of the surgical wound (dehiscence). 
• Seroma (fluid accumulation beneath the skin). 
• Excessive scrotal swelling or haematoma formation. 
• Delayed wound healing. 
• Adverse reactions to anaesthetic drugs, pain relief, or other medications. 
• Vomiting or gastrointestinal upset following anaesthesia. 

• Significant haemorrhage requiring further treatment or repeat surgery. 
• Internal infection or abscess formation. 
• Damage to surrounding tissues or structures. 
• Incomplete removal of testicular tissue resulting in persistent testosterone production. 
• Severe reactions to medications or anaesthetic agents. 
• Cardiac or respiratory complications, including arrest. 
• Death despite appropriate care and monitoring. 

• Weight gain if calorie intake and exercise are not appropriately adjusted. 
• Changes in coat texture in some breeds. 
• Alterations in behaviour may occur, although behavioural changes are variable and cannot be guaranteed. 
• Certain orthopaedic conditions and some tumour types may be influenced by neutering status, breed, and age at castration. 

Although castration is considered a safe and commonly performed procedure, no surgical or anaesthetic procedure is entirely without risk. Complications are uncommon, and the vast majority of patients recover uneventfully. Every effort is made by the veterinary team to provide safe anaesthesia, effective pain relief, and the highest standard of surgical care.